You start "For a long time I have felt that time does not exist...". For a long
what? This illustrates how hard it is to even think about such questions.
Your description of what sounds like the Gravity Probe B experiment doesn't sound right, but I can answer the last part anyway. These atoms are quantum systems, not classical masses on classical springs. The frequencies of the atomic transitions scale as me
4/h
3 where m is the reduced mass (close to the electron mass), e is the electron charge, and h is Planck's constant. So if one were just to increase m leaving everything else fixed the frequencies would go up, not down.
Mike W.
(published on 01/30/2012)