Ion Drive Rockets
Most recent answer: 10/22/2007
Q:
I was reading in the news about the ion drive on the SMART 1 probe and it said that even though initial speed was slow it would build up to higher speeds. I don’t understand how it can accelerate if the ion exhaust leaves the craft at a CONSTANT velocity (I mean, how fast are the ions moving?) and how can speed "build up" in this way.
- Draken-Korin
- Draken-Korin
A:
Nice question- one that lot’s of people worry about when they first hear about rockets.
It’s not hard to explain on the basis of Newton’s 3d law: conservation of momentum.
Let’s say that the rocket spits out the ions at some fixed speed (in the tail direction) with respect to itself. That makes sense because the rocket doesn’t care at what speed some planet is going by- this is a matter between the rocket and its ions. Now those ions had been travelling along with the rocket, with some momentum (according to us). When they leave the rocket they are either moving backwards or at least not as fast forward, depending on how fast the rocket is going. Where did their lost momentum go? It has to go to the rest of the rocket, so that must speed up.
The key point is that even if the emitted ions are still going forward (in our frame) they aren’t going forward as fast as they had been, so the rocket has to gain momentum when they leave.
If the rocket’s speed with respect to us starts to get near the speed of light, c, the same argument still works but part of how the rocket gains momentum will be by picking up inertial mass rather than just by speeding up. That’s what will keep the rocket from ever reaching c itself.
Mike W.
It’s not hard to explain on the basis of Newton’s 3d law: conservation of momentum.
Let’s say that the rocket spits out the ions at some fixed speed (in the tail direction) with respect to itself. That makes sense because the rocket doesn’t care at what speed some planet is going by- this is a matter between the rocket and its ions. Now those ions had been travelling along with the rocket, with some momentum (according to us). When they leave the rocket they are either moving backwards or at least not as fast forward, depending on how fast the rocket is going. Where did their lost momentum go? It has to go to the rest of the rocket, so that must speed up.
The key point is that even if the emitted ions are still going forward (in our frame) they aren’t going forward as fast as they had been, so the rocket has to gain momentum when they leave.
If the rocket’s speed with respect to us starts to get near the speed of light, c, the same argument still works but part of how the rocket gains momentum will be by picking up inertial mass rather than just by speeding up. That’s what will keep the rocket from ever reaching c itself.
Mike W.
(published on 10/22/2007)