Entropy Increases
Most recent answer: 10/22/2007
Q:
Is it true that the Law of Entropy says that everything is decaying and slowing and this includes light? I’ve heard that the "absolute speed of light" (light in a vacuum)is actually slowing down which means it was faster thousands of years ago than today and faster now than it will be.
- dee wood
sylvan high, atlanta, georgia - usa
- dee wood
sylvan high, atlanta, georgia - usa
A:
That's a really great question, because you've stopped to wonder if two things you've heard really fit together.
The Second Law of Thermodynamics says that the total entropy of everything always increases. That means something like that everything gets more jumbled up, like when you shake up a batch of coins that were all heads and end up with an unpredictable mess of about half heads and half tails. Entropy is a way of keeping track of how many arrangements things might have- there’s lots of ways of getting half heads and half tails, but only one way to get all heads. So in our example the thing that’s like entropy naturally increases.
There’s a reason why people say that means things slow down. If you have two big things that are moving at different velocities, they can dump some of their kinetic energy by coming to some average speed. (Friction is the name for the forces which make them do this.) The extra energy goes into all sorts of tiny little wigglings of atoms in the materials. There are a lot more ways for that energy to make billions of little atoms move around than there are ways to make two big things move as blocks, so entropy has increased. However, this sort of process can’t make a beam of light go slower- it doesn’t change the particular laws governing individual little particles. If the speed of light has changed over time (which is not what most physicists think) the reason would not be the Second Law, at least not directly.
So the part about light slowing down turns out not to happen. Unfortunately, the part about everything running down looks like it does happen.
If you want to learn more about entropy, we have a course on the Web called
which tells a good deal about it.
The Second Law of Thermodynamics says that the total entropy of everything always increases. That means something like that everything gets more jumbled up, like when you shake up a batch of coins that were all heads and end up with an unpredictable mess of about half heads and half tails. Entropy is a way of keeping track of how many arrangements things might have- there’s lots of ways of getting half heads and half tails, but only one way to get all heads. So in our example the thing that’s like entropy naturally increases.
There’s a reason why people say that means things slow down. If you have two big things that are moving at different velocities, they can dump some of their kinetic energy by coming to some average speed. (Friction is the name for the forces which make them do this.) The extra energy goes into all sorts of tiny little wigglings of atoms in the materials. There are a lot more ways for that energy to make billions of little atoms move around than there are ways to make two big things move as blocks, so entropy has increased. However, this sort of process can’t make a beam of light go slower- it doesn’t change the particular laws governing individual little particles. If the speed of light has changed over time (which is not what most physicists think) the reason would not be the Second Law, at least not directly.
So the part about light slowing down turns out not to happen. Unfortunately, the part about everything running down looks like it does happen.
If you want to learn more about entropy, we have a course on the Web called
which tells a good deal about it.
(published on 10/22/2007)
Follow-Up #1: melting and entropy
Q:
example in entropy melting of metal increase or decreases of entropy explain.
- liza (age 30)
apalit pampanga philippines
- liza (age 30)
apalit pampanga philippines
A:
I'll assume that you're talking about something which melts as the temperature increases. Then the liquid has more entropy than the solid. The state which is stable at the higher temperature always has more entropy.
Here's the explanation. The stable state is always the one which has the largest total entropy for the material and the things around it. When the neighborhood is at high temperature, it takes a lot of energy to raise its entropy. (It turns out that's really just a definition of what high temperature means.) So at high temperature it pays for the material to hold on to more of its energy, raising the material's entropy. The material's high-temperature phase thus always has more entropy than its low-temperature phase.
Mike W.
Here's the explanation. The stable state is always the one which has the largest total entropy for the material and the things around it. When the neighborhood is at high temperature, it takes a lot of energy to raise its entropy. (It turns out that's really just a definition of what high temperature means.) So at high temperature it pays for the material to hold on to more of its energy, raising the material's entropy. The material's high-temperature phase thus always has more entropy than its low-temperature phase.
Mike W.
(published on 05/16/2013)